The demand for affordable solar cells has encouraged the development of thin-film solar cell (TFSC) technology, which employs low-cost, readily-available, and non-toxic photovoltaic (PV) materials like Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS). Since CZTS is a quaternary semiconductor compound, the growth and synthesis of a single-phase CZTS are challenging due to the formation of secondary phases like ZnS and Cu2SnS3 (CTS), which affect the material's PV properties. Several studies have investigated the possibility of using ternary semiconductor compounds like CTS as an alternative PV material. This research aims to synthesize CTS compound powder using a practical method and to analyze CTS's properties and phase formation mechanism. CTS was synthesized in a solid-state reaction using copper (Cu), sulfur (S), and tin (Sn) elemental powders with various precursor compositions, including stoichiometric, S-rich, Sn …