ObjectivesThis study investigated the relationship between serum metabolomic profiles and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) stratified into three KDIGO-defined risk categories.MethodsSerum samples from 48 patients were analyzed using untargeted liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF/MS). Participants were classified into low (n = 16), moderate (n = 16), and high (n = 16) DKD risk groups according to KDIGO guidelines. Differential metabolites were identified based on p-value, log fold change, and variable importance in projection (VIP), and subsequently subjected to pathway enrichment analysis.ResultsComparative analysis revealed five differential metabolites between low- and moderate-risk groups, three between moderate- and high-risk groups, and three between low- and high-risk groups. Notably …