Glass ionomer cement (GIC) is used to treat dental caries as a restorative material. Glass ionomer cement has fluoride release, biocompatibility, and tooth structure adhesion. However, GIC fluoride release is insufficient over time. In addition, GIC possesses poor mechanical properties. Several studies have added nanoparticles of metal oxide to GIC to enhance its properties. Composition can influence the GIC's properties. Several studies added metal oxide nanoparticles to GIC to enhance its properties without diminishing its already excellent qualities. Metal oxide can provide GIC with antibacterial properties. Nanoparticles can increase antibacterial capability and act as a reinforcement by filling the void between GIC particles, thereby improving the GIC's mechanical properties. Several metal oxide nanoparticles have been attempted to be added to GIC, namely as zinc oxide, cerium oxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, aluminum oxide, and magnesium oxide. The incorporation of metal oxide nanoparticles results in variable GIC properties. This brief article intends to characterize the mechanical and antibacterial properties of GIC modified with metal oxides. This analysis is anticipated to provide information on the metal oxide nanoparticles currently used to modify GIC. © 2024 American Institute of Physics Inc.. All rights reserved.