Self-compassion is a crucial factor in psychological well-being, particularly among young adults facing various life challenges. This study investigates the multidimensional nature of self-compassion and its impact on flourishing and life satisfaction in 994 college students. We found that the Self-Compassion Scale is best understood as comprising separate “protective” (e.g., self-acceptance and kindness) and “vulnerability” (e.g., self-criticism) factors. Both men and women interpreted the scale similarly, suggesting a shared understanding of self-compassion. However, gender differences emerged in how these dimensions relate to well-being. The “protective” dimension positively influenced flourishing and life satisfaction for both genders. Notably, for women, managing “vulnerability” was a stronger predictor of life satisfaction compared to men. This highlights the importance of fostering self-compassion, particularly by addressing the vulnerability factor, to enhance women’s overall well-being. The study emphasizes the need to consider the multidimensional nature of self-compassion and gender differences when examining its relationship with well-being. Copyright © 2024 Sugiarti Musabiq et al.