Background: Indonesia has experienced one of the highest burdens of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 globally since 2003, making it a major public health concern in Southeast Asia. There are few updates on the factors influencing the spread of avian influenza cases in Indonesia, and updated information is needed to raise awareness. This literature review summarizes data on the epidemiology, genetic evolution of the virus, zoonotic transmission risks, control efforts, and the One Health framework in the Indonesian context. Persistent virus circulation, limited biosecurity, and sociocultural factors continue to challenge disease control. Strengthening genomic surveillance, public awareness, and multi-sectoral coordination is essential to reduce the threat of future pandemics. Addressing avian influenza requires robust, integrated One Health surveillance, investment in local diagnostic capacity, timely …